Report on Histotry of Computer
Contents:
i.
Computer
History of
computer
Component of computer
ii.
Computer Networking
Types of
Network
Network topologies
iii.
Data Transmission
OSI Layers
iv.
Number Systems
Binary Numbers
Octal Numbers
Hexadecimal Numbers
v.
Types of Memory
RAM
ROM
vi.
MATLAB
Introduction:
This
report is about our Computing Fundamentals Course in which we have discussed
different topics about fundamentals of computer , from types of computer to the
equipments of computer . In this course we also have discussed the processing
of computer on numbers , bits and there signs . Also a code to correct the error
in sending message.
The purpose of this report is to survey the state of our
Computing Fundamentals Course and get a brief revision of our course.
i.
Computer:
A
computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process data into
useful information and store it for later use. A computer consists of hardware
and software. The machine is known as hardware and the programs are called
software.
History of computer
The
first computing device called ABACUS. It was developed in 600 B.C. it was used
to perform simple addition and subtraction.
After it the first generation, second generation, third generation,
fourth generation, fifth generation (present and beyond) are to be made.
Components of computer
Computer consists of
Hardware and software.
Hardware:
The hardware components consist of CPU (central processing unit), input
and output devices.CPU consist of main board Processor, RAM, ROM, Storage
devices, and data carrying buses. Processor consists of ALU (Arithmetic logic
unit) and CU (control unit). ALU perform all arithmetic and logical expressions
while CU controls control operations.
Software:
A software is a set of instructions given to the computer to perform
some tasks
ii. Computer Networking:
A
number of computers connected together to share information is called a
computer network. The computers in a
network are connected through cables, satellites or telephone line.
Types of Computer Network:
There are three main types
of networks. These are:
*LAN Local Area Network
*WAN Wide Area Network
*MAN Metropolitan Area
Network
Local Area
Network
LAN is most commonly type of network. It covers a small area. LAN Transmit
data very fast rate. Data transmission speed of LAN are 1 to 100 MB/ Sec.
Wide Area Network
it covers a large area. WAN connects computers in different cities,
countries, and continents.
Transmission speed of WAN is 56kbps to 45Mbps.
Metropolitan
Area Network
A metropolitan area network covers a geographical area of the size of a
city. It offers a high speed data transmitting
Network
Topologies
The physical layout or the
way in which network connections are made is called a topology.
Important types of topologies:
Bus topology
In bus topology, computers are connected with a central wire called bus. The
two end points absorb signals called nodes. The sender computer sends data it travels
through bus and only destination computer accept this data.
Star topology
a star network is one which all the cables run from the computer
t a central location, where they are all connected to a device called Hub.
Ring topology
in ring topology all each computer connected to the next computer
with the last one connected to the first. Ring topology is also called token ring topology.
iii. Data Transmission:
Data
communication is a process of transferring data electronically. Different
protocols are used to transfer data through a medium.
Network standards
organizations:
1- CCIT (Consultative Committee
on International Telegraph and Telephony)
CCITT is now renamed as ITU
(international Telecommunication Union)
2- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
the following protocols are defined by IEEE.
*Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
*Token Bus (IEEE 802.4)
* Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
OSI Layers
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection.
An OSI model allows any two systems to communicate with each other.
OSI Layers
There are seven OSI layers:
1. Application Layer
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Network Layer
6. Data Link Layer
7. Physical Layer
Application
Layer
the application layer is the top-most layer of OSI model. It provides
service directly to user interface1.
Presentation
layer
presentation layer perform data reformatting, data compression, and
encryption.
Session
layer
the session layer establishes, manage, user connections.
Transport
layers
the transport layer control flow of data. It ensures the messages are
delivered error free.
Network
layer
the network layer responsible for establishing, maintaining, and
terminating connections. It manages the delivery of data from source to
destination.
Data link
layer
Data link layer divide data into stream of bits and packets. It controls
flow of data it free the errors and prevent data duplication.
Physical
layer
Physical layer is the bottom layer of OSI modal. It transmit stream of
bits and define how the data is transmitted over the network.
iv.
Number Systems
Number System
There are three types of number systems discussed in our course which
are following:
Binary
number
Digital computer use binary system for data representation and processing. It
is based on two values 0 and 1.
Octal
number
Octal system consist of eight digit which are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The base of
octal system is 8.
|
OCTAL
|
BINARY
|
|
0
|
000
|
|
1
|
001
|
|
2
|
010
|
|
3
|
011
|
|
4
|
100
|
|
5
|
101
|
|
6
|
110
|
|
7
|
111
|
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal system is base of 16. It is composed of 16 digit characters i.e.
ten numbers(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) and six alphabets (A,B,C,D,E,F).
|
Hex
|
BINARY
|
|
0
|
0000
|
|
1
|
0001
|
|
2
|
0010
|
|
3
|
0011
|
|
4
|
0100
|
|
5
|
0101
|
|
6
|
0110
|
|
7
|
0111
|
|
8
|
1000
|
|
9
|
1001
|
|
A
|
1010
|
|
B
|
1011
|
|
C
|
1100
|
|
D
|
1101
|
|
E
|
1110
|
|
F
|
1111
|
Arithmetic operation of number system
Binary addition
(110101)2+(101111)2
0+0=0
110101
0+1=1
+ 101111
1+0=1
1100100
1+1=10
Binary subtraction
0-0=0
110101
0-1=0
- 101111
1-0=1
000110
1-1=0
Hemi
Code:
This is
a coding of an algorithm which is used to find the error bit in message . When
we send a massage then due to some fault and dialation in voltages error
produces which is found by using hemi code . In this after sone calculations we
would be able to find the error bit .
v.
Types of Memory:
There
are two types of memory we have discussed in our course which are given below :
ROM
ROM stands for Read only
memory. It saves data permanently. The system BIOS is saved in ROM. There are
three main types of ROM. These are
PROM (programmable ROM), EPROM (Erasable programmable ROM), and EEPROM
(Electric erasable programmable ROM).
RAM
RAM stands
for Random Access Memory. It is also called volatile memory. There are two main
types of RAM. These are
DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SDRAM (Static Dynamic RAM).
vi.
MATLAB:
MATLAB
is a high-level technical
computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data
visualization, data analysis, and
numerical computation.
Using MATLAB, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with
traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran.
Key Features
- High-level
language for technical computing
- Development
environment for managing code, files, and data
- Interactive
tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving
- Mathematical
functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering,
optimization, and numerical integration
- 2-D and
3-D graphics functions for visualizing data
- Tools for
building custom graphical user interfaces
- Functions
for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and
languages, such as C, C++, Fortran, Java™, COM, and
Microsoft® Excel®
