Report on Histotry of Computer

 

Report on Histotry of Computer

Contents:

       i.            Computer

                                    History of computer
                                    Component of computer

    ii.            Computer Networking

                                   Types of Network
                                   Network topologies

 iii.            Data Transmission

                                  OSI Layers

  iv.            Number Systems

                                   Binary Numbers
                                   Octal Numbers

                                  Hexadecimal Numbers

     v.            Types of Memory

                                   RAM
                                   ROM

 

  vi.            MATLAB

Introduction:

                This report is about our Computing Fundamentals Course in which we have discussed different topics about fundamentals of computer , from types of computer to the equipments of computer . In this course we also have discussed the processing of computer on numbers , bits and there signs . Also a code to correct the error in sending message.

The purpose of this report is to survey the state of our Computing Fundamentals Course and get a brief revision of our course.

i.                Computer:

                                A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process data into useful information and store it for later use. A computer consists of hardware and software. The machine is known as hardware and the programs are called software.

History of computer

                                The first computing device called ABACUS. It was developed in 600 B.C. it was used to perform simple addition and subtraction.  After it the first generation, second generation, third generation, fourth generation, fifth generation (present and beyond) are to be made.

Components of computer
                Computer consists of Hardware and software.
Hardware:
The hardware components consist of CPU (central processing unit), input and output devices.CPU consist of main board Processor, RAM, ROM, Storage devices, and data carrying buses. Processor consists of ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) and CU (control unit). ALU perform all arithmetic and logical expressions while CU controls control operations.
 Software:
A software is a set of instructions given to the computer to perform some tasks

ii. Computer Networking:
                                                A number of computers connected together to share information is called a computer network.  The computers in a network are connected through cables, satellites or telephone line.

Types of Computer Network:
                There are three main types of networks. These are:

*LAN                  Local Area Network
*WAN                Wide Area Network
*MAN                Metropolitan Area Network

Local Area Network
LAN is most commonly type of network. It covers a small area. LAN Transmit data very fast rate. Data transmission speed of LAN are 1 to 100 MB/ Sec.

Wide Area Network
it covers a large area. WAN connects computers in different cities, countries, and continents.
Transmission speed of WAN is 56kbps to 45Mbps.

Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network covers a geographical area of the size of a city. It offers a high speed data transmitting

Network Topologies
                The physical layout or the way in which network connections are made is called a topology.
Important types of topologies:

 Bus topology
In bus topology, computers are connected with a central wire called bus. The two end points absorb signals called nodes. The sender computer sends data it travels through bus and only destination computer accept this data.

 Star topology
a star network is one which all the cables run from the computer t a central location, where they are all connected to a device called Hub.

Ring topology
in ring topology all each computer connected to the next computer with the last one connected to the first. Ring topology is also called token ring topology.

iii. Data Transmission:
                                Data communication is a process of transferring data electronically. Different protocols are used to transfer data through a medium.

 Network standards organizations:
 1- CCIT (Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephony)
 CCITT is now renamed as ITU (international Telecommunication Union)
2- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)   
the following protocols are defined by IEEE.
*Ethernet (IEEE   802.3)
*Token Bus (IEEE   802.4)
* Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)

OSI Layers
                OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. An OSI model allows any two systems to communicate with each other.

 OSI Layers
                There are seven OSI layers:

1.  Application Layer
2.   Presentation Layer
3.   Session Layer
4.  Transport Layer
5.  Network Layer
6.  Data Link Layer
7.  Physical Layer

Application Layer
the application layer is the top-most layer of OSI model. It provides service directly to user interface1.

Presentation layer
presentation layer perform data reformatting, data compression, and encryption.

Session layer
the session layer establishes, manage, user connections.

Transport layers
the transport layer control flow of data. It ensures the messages are delivered error free.

Network layer
the network layer responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections. It manages the delivery of data from source to destination.

Data link layer
Data link layer divide data into stream of bits and packets. It controls flow of data it free the errors and prevent data duplication.

Physical layer
Physical layer is the bottom layer of OSI modal. It transmit stream of bits and define how the data is transmitted over the network.

iv.                     Number Systems

Number System

                        There are three types of  number systems discussed in our course which are following:

Binary number
Digital computer use binary system for data representation and processing. It is based on two values 0 and 1.

Octal number
Octal system consist of eight digit which are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The base of octal system is 8.

OCTAL	BINARY
0	000
1	001
2	010
3	011
4	100
5	101
6	110
7	111

Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal system is base of 16. It is composed of 16 digit characters i.e. ten numbers(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) and six alphabets (A,B,C,D,E,F).

Hex	BINARY
0	0000
1	0001
2	0010
3	0011
4	0100
5	0101
6	0110
7	0111
8	1000
9	1001
A	1010
B	1011
C	1100
D	1101
E	1110
F	1111

 Arithmetic operation of number system

Binary addition                                                         (110101)₂+(101111)₂
0+0=0                                                                          110101
0+1=1                                                                     +  101111 
1+0=1                                                                         1100100
1+1=10

Binary subtraction
0-0=0                                                                          110101
0-1=0                                                                     -   101111 
1-0=1                                                                         000110
1-1=0
Hemi Code:

                This is a coding of an algorithm which is used to find the error bit in message . When we send a massage then due to some fault and dialation in voltages error produces which is found by using hemi code . In this after sone calculations we would be able to find the error bit .

v.                          Types of Memory:

                                                                There are two types of memory we have discussed in our course which are given below :

ROM

                ROM stands for Read only memory. It saves data permanently. The system BIOS is saved in ROM. There are three main types of ROM. These are
PROM (programmable ROM), EPROM (Erasable programmable ROM), and EEPROM (Electric erasable programmable ROM).

RAM
                 RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is also called volatile memory. There are two main types of RAM. These are
DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SDRAM (Static Dynamic RAM).

vi.                      MATLAB:

                                    MATLAB  is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numerical computation. Using MATLAB, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran.

 Key Features

• High-level language for technical computing
• Development environment for managing code, files, and data
• Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving
• Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization, and numerical integration
• 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data
• Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces
• Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and languages, such as C, C++, Fortran, Java™, COM, and Microsoft^® Excel^®